Chapter 3. Sustainable Society
1. A post-capitalist society
1.1 Commercial capitalism
Although the status of merchants in the European status system was low, due to the globalization of Genghis Khan, cultural exchanges between the East and the West soared, and he became influential as a so-called capitalist. In this way, it can be seen that there is a lot of relevance to commerce in the background of modern society.
In other words, feudal lords in Europe were in an absolute position without rapid changes in the external environment such as war due to the inheritance of wealth, honor, and power, but due to the influence of commercialism, nobles accumulated wealth in collusion with the great wealth, As a result of borrowing and reinvesting the aristocratic property, the feudal system began to collapse as a status system as it became a giant merchant and became possible to own the aristocratic land.
Therefore, as the absolute feudal status system society, which seemed to remain unchanged forever, is gradually changing, citizens have become convinced that a modern society based on the idea of natural law can be established. In other words, as a middle class and an intellectual, as citizens understand and discuss natural law ideas more, they have considerable skills than the feudal aristocracy who inherited them. At that time, capitalists had already reached a considerable level of ability to manage assets, and commercialism was common in real life.
As capital accumulation became easier, it can be seen that the power of the feudal aristocracy weakened from the time when the exponential increase in profits acted as a practical force with financial power. This can be attributed to the development of the liberal ideology formed during the Renaissance amid a long political vacuum caused by Christianity after the fall of the Roman Empire.
Therefore, it can be seen that liberalism was expressed in a unique history in which all humans were equal as an absolute feudal society and an absolute monotheistic creature from a religious standpoint
In particular, Genghis Khan’s globalization in the 13th century allowed Europe to escape the dark age, and Genghis Khan’s East-West cultural exchange and commercial revitalization policies contributed to the opening of the Renaissance era as a result of the political influence of merchants.
In addition, the increase in capital demand due to the industrial revolution expanded the financial function of land as fixed assets such as land were invested as capital, which led to the collapse of feudal aristocracy as an opportunity to separate financial and power.
This can be understood from the fact that Hail Brunner said about the nature of capitalism, “capital is also property, but the value of capital is not in physical characteristics, but in the use of capital to create a larger amount of capital.” (106) (Hail Brunner, 43p)
1.2 Asian Capitalism
In early capitalist societies, capitalists, as employers, could treat workers as less than slaves and be harsh. Of course, moral criticism of harsh exploitation was not strong because Christianity at the time was in a situation where it had to rely on donations from capitalists.
Therefore, it can be understood that the rule by financial power without social responsibility was more harsh than the rule of power on the premise of social responsibility. In other words, it means that exploitation was severe to acquire power formed by the feudalism that followed the nature of the absolute feudal system.
Professor Hail Brunner writes about the absolutist nature of capitalism as follows. In other words, “Capitalism is not only a society with the characteristics of permanent change, but also a society that pursues the fulfillment of capital, which is the same unconscious purpose that ancient military dignity and personal dignity did.” (107) (Hail Brunner, 45p) This can be understood in the historical background in which Christianity, the basis of Western culture, has long dominated consciousness.
In other words, even before the fall of the centralized Roman Empire, Christianity, which was already an absolute monotheistic religion, remained in power as a papal system, Europe, which was divided into feudal city-states after the fall of Rome, was a religious empire, but with the globalization of Genghis Khan in the 13th century, the dark ages of medieval Europe (3rd to 13th centuries) and active cultural exchanges, Eastern folkism, humanities, science, technology, knowledge, and culture stimulated Western intellectuals.
This is humanism (relativism), which led to the development of empiricism, and it can be said that it served as an opportunity for commercialism to develop while Christianity became uncertain. In other words, it has changed from an absolute feudal system established by worshiping the absolute existence of Christianity to a money-worship (materialism) that worships money.
Therefore, it can be understood that it is fundamentally different from the encouragement of Sugichiin, who said that the East should emphasize the “life of existence” and set an example by honing itself, and the Baegeumism formed by the West’s emphasis on the “life of possession.”
Of course, in the case of the East, humans valued harmony among all things as the subject of heaven and earth, while the West regarded humans as a part of nature and an object as creative creatures. Therefore, the East is not conclusive about the agnostic world, and as a subject, it can be said that humans were a cautious society that recognized the limitations of reason for mutual bond.
In other words, the East has long been a society that has a humanistic tradition and values the search for truth. Of course, Eastern philosophy can be seen as uncertain compared to Western paternalism, which thought that life was based on the will of absolute existence, but it can be understood that Eastern humanism was reasonable if you recall that the West became an uncertain society after leaving the medieval dark period. For example, it can be understood from the fact that in the ancient East, extreme things were considered uncertain and lived a moderate life.
1.3 Capitalism created by uncertainty
As medieval Europe was confused by the Anomie phenomenon caused by the formation of the era of uncertainty, the utilitarian Hobbs stressed that the totalitarian state as a third party should curb the state of ‘everyone’s struggle against all.’ This can be understood if you recall the Renaissance (literary revival period) era when Europe was at odds with paternalism and humanism. Later, capitalism was invented by Adam Smith to support the industrial revolution caused by the development of commercialism.
Subsequently, while the industrial revolution demanded a change in the social system, the success of the civil revolution created a capitalist system for free competition (contract). In other words, capitalism was formalized by stipulating it in the Napoleonic Civil Code. Therefore, it can be seen that capitalism gained legitimacy as a law and institution for greed for infinite accumulation, giving wings to tigers.
However, in a capitalist society, there was a series of immoral events disguised as other legalities with the logic of survival of the weak deficit, such as removing competitors from the market or securing exclusive status through hostile mergers.
For example, exploitation by competing workers, encouraging conflict, and inducing early retirement in free enterprises is still applied as a principle today. Therefore, although there is no moral dispute over wealth, it can be seen that capitalism itself is a system to achieve wealth, so there is a limit.
In response, Heil Brunner writes as follows. “Marx said, ‘One capitalist always kills several people.’ Therefore, in addition to the energy of pure expansion, there is a partially aggressive and partially defensive energy of war,” (108) (Hailbruener, 45p), and “Where there is a great deal of wealth, there is enormous inequality … Rich wealth presupposes the poverty of the majority. This is the word of Adam Smith.” (109) (Hail Brunner, 39p)
In this early capitalist society, the exploitation of human beings was justified externally by harsh colonial policies, and as exploitation technology developed highly domestically, it can be seen as a combination of war causes such as the mass production of the absolute poor, distrust and hatred of humans.
Therefore, it can be understood in the following example that capitalism based on money worship is creating hostile emotions. For example, Bevel’s writing shows that free entrepreneurs (capitalists) on the edge of a cliff created industrial accidents, families that were scattered were disbanded, and mothers of disbanded families were destroyed by prostitution for their children’s livelihoods.
“In Munich in 1877, at least 203 wives of workers or handicraftsmen were registered and supervised by the police. If so, how many other married women were selling themselves away from police surveillance, deeply undermined by economic poverty and human dignity.”
In this early capitalist society, it can be seen that the socially disadvantaged, who have been reduced to consumables, have become unable to rely on companies or the government anywhere. This is because, even if capitalists treat workers like slaves, the state sat on the sidelines under the guise of free contracts as liberalism pursues an anarchic-level night view state that rejects state interventionism that interferes with free competition.
Of course, workers only had obligations for tax or military service. Therefore, even if liberalism to be free from state power is rather suppressed by capitalists in the case of workers, the government cannot intervene, indicating that the majority of people are in considerable trouble.
1.4 Beyond a passive welfare state
Merchants were relatively low in the old status society, but small and medium-sized capitalists who funded the civil revolution could become mainstream due to the success of the civil revolution. Therefore, as capitalism was solidified with the establishment of modern society, people aspired to become capitalists by accumulating wealth that had no social responsibility rather than power.
This is because financial power is a realistic force in a capitalist society, even if it is morally criticized in various mean ways. It can be seen that the Weimar Constitution, which recognized social rights (the three labor powers), declared a welfare state due to poverty caused by ruthless exploitation, excessive competition, and conflict of interests.
However, despite the Weimar Constitution’s declaration of a welfare state, the actual passive welfare state was implemented after World War II, with communism spreading in the international community centered on the Soviet Union. And from the time communism weakened in the late 1970s, neoliberalism emerged to be faithful to the nature of non-welfare capitalism centered on developed countries.
For this reason, Ko Cheol-gi writes as follows. First, amid the liberalization of international trade, companies in these advanced countries are also facing high waves of international competition, and are more actively promoting automation of production facilities, overseas relocation, overseas purchase of intermediate goods, reduction management, and overseas direct investment. Second, after the collapse of the communist system, capitalist economic ideology based on individual selfishness was recognized as an absolutely superior idea, and companies underestimated corporate ‘social responsibility’ such as expanding domestic employment and sound investment, while emphasizing the goal of maximizing profits more than ever.” (111) (Ko Cheol-ki, 22p)
As a result of neoliberalism that strengthens capitalism, humanity is simplified into the life of an “economic animal,” and infinite competition for infinite accumulation along with large-scale transactions is emerging as radical as war. In other words, the life of Sanggeuk, a property of capitalism, is creating a dangerous society in which the entire life becomes unstable.
In other words, even though human barbarism must deteriorate along with historical development, barbarity is rather cultivated in view of the consequences of social pathology caused by capitalism or human destruction. This can be understood in the September 11 attacks, the result of global absolute polarization as well as the ranking of the world’s population by wealth today.
Therefore, if non-welfare laissez-faire has developed into national capitalism that accepts social law, it can be understood that neoliberalism has emerged as a global capitalism based on the principle of a welfare state, making it difficult to escape a dangerous society. This is because extreme phenomena caused by capitalism solidify a dangerous society.
In other words, an active welfare society is possible only when a post-capitalist political and economic system is established. Therefore, in today’s global era, high unemployment is prevalent due to polarization formed by advanced science and technology, and a new distribution method that stops decentralized democracy is needed, given overconsumption, environmental pollution, global speculative capital, and personal high-tech weapons development.
2. Beyond the life of existence, the life of a relationship
2.1 Beyond a passive welfare society
It is positive that people have made a great contribution to Western values by establishing a modern society and achieving science and technology civilization, but on the other hand, colonies damaged by imperialism as a result of living a life of opposition due to ‘ownership’ are negative. In other words, it means that there is a cross between love and hatred for the Western values that have made them ‘sick and weak’ as providers of dangerous societies formed by polarization or environmental problems.
It can be seen that developed countries should take the lead in solving problems with an attitude of resolution, which means that they should solve the problem by using Western capitalism as an excuse, justify polarization by rationalization without compensation, blame for acid rain due to pollution, and food loss due to global warming.
This is because the consolidation of neoliberalism led by advanced countries as a universal value of mankind creates a new crisis of war against terrorism in many parts of the world that rejects it. However, the problem is that capitalism is indifferent because it considers the inner world, which is the essence of humans, as uneconomical, and tends to miss the right time as it cultivates material desires.
In other words, there is no situation as it is causing inflation at astronomical costs as it is trying to overcome it with advanced science and technology to restore natural resources, environmental pollution, and damage to Mother Nature due to mass consumption.
In addition, in the case of colonial countries in the past, Islam, which had long opposed Christianity, became the world’s third major religion and an anti-capitalist society as Western Christianity recognized it as an exclusive religion that rationalized exploitation by heresy logic and justification. In addition, third world countries consider neoliberalism centered on advanced countries as neo-imperialism, and inwardly doubt whether drawing a line on a pumpkin will make a watermelon.
This anti-Western sentiment is causing terrorism in various parts of the world as it becomes the organizational principle of Islamism and the Third World. Of course, terrorism is always possible in any region along with the Third World, and as a significant amount of destructive power is transmitted to media around the world, anxiety plays a very large role.
In other words, terrorism based on hatred of Westerners, along with advanced personal weapons and anti-capitalist causes, is more feared because it is based on faith.
This causes the fear of endless terrorism to cause astronomical social costs around the world, and the resulting tax burden and increased demand for welfare due to polarization are acting as a high-cost and low-efficiency society. Furthermore, capitalist society has dramatically accumulated capital through political collusion for capitalists who have entered non-market sectors due to policy demands such as expansion of the non-market military industry, mass production of the poor, and economic stimulus measures.
Of course, in a capitalist society, free companies aim to make maximum profits, so it is a separate matter to criticize moral criticism over the act of using even disputes caused in the capital accumulation process as a means of profit-seeking.
This is because it justifies that capitalism can be used to accumulate capital for free companies seeking maximum profits even in metaphysical sectors such as politics, religion, and the inner world. Given that even such inhumane decisions are often excused, it can be understood that the crisis of democracy is in capitalism.
Capitalism also has a point where free competition ultimately drives social development, but as a result, it can be seen that it forms a rather dangerous society due to the expansion of the poor, human degradation, resource depletion, and environmental destruction caused by solidifying the polarization of ‘poverty in abundance.’
In other words, capitalism can be seen as an economic system that creates a crisis for mankind, recalling that the paralysis of market functions caused by concentrating social assets created by free competition on some capitalists is repeated periodically.
This can be understood from the fact that large capitalists accumulated more wealth and accelerated polarization in the process of restoring market function through the nation’s credit creation and tax stimulus measures in the event of a panic. Therefore, it can be seen that in order to escape the polarization of capitalist society similar to the polarization of power by the status system of the old era, it is necessary to advance into an active welfare society based on mother democracy’s ‘ownership limit ceiling system.’
In other words, it refers to the globalization of the ‘mother democracy’ system for the establishment of the ‘ownership limit ceiling system’ based on the maternal distribution style in order to overcome the dangerous society created by capitalism allowing infinite accumulation.
For example, the ‘upper or lower limit on ownership’ of ‘mother democracy’ refers to a system used for human research projects or long-cherished projects by transferring to the state or local governments to realize an active welfare society.
Of course, regional committees will participate in the distribution of living politics for the implementation of an active welfare society. Please refer to the political episode as a separate opinion that is scheduled to be published in the future due to the nature of the page.
2.2 The matriarchal society that lived a life of relationship beyond existence
Although the old era based on absolutism was expelled and a modern society based on relativism was established, the declaration of human rights remained in a declarative sense due to capitalism that justified infinite accumulation. In other words, capitalism created imperialism, sparked numerous wars, and after the collapse of the Cold War system, most people today are selling freedom to get bread.
In other words, despite the establishment of a modern society based on philosophical relativism, the legacy of absolutism in the old era emerged as capitalism based on patriotism. In other words, the worship of the absolute monotheism of the old era was replaced by the principle of money worship.
In other words, it means that in capitalist society, humans worshiped money and became slaves of money, just as the subject of politics became the only god by recognizing it as a creature of the only god. Therefore, it can be seen that the modern democratic society based on decentralization and capitalism that creates absolute polarization are contrary.
Therefore, it can be seen that humans as cultural beings should create a system that can live a ‘life of relationship’ that harmonizes with all things beyond the ‘life of existence’ with a gentle life rather than logic or institutions that extreme life through excessive competition. In other words, it refers to a maternal democracy system that can realize an active welfare society, which is the ideal of mankind.
For reference, it can be seen that we learned through inspiration that the matrimonial God-oriented society, which followed the ancient customs, believed that humans were a descendant of God and made circular progress. Therefore, if you believe that the matrimonial God-oriented society pursued a ‘life of relationship’ in accordance with the belief that the soul and flesh are repeatedly advanced by the macrocosm system, there will be no loss, and the gain will be infinite.
Of course, it is possible to affirm the belief that humans could have achieved advanced science and technology because they are spiritual beings. In addition, even today, scientists thought that humans’ unique sixth sense was unfounded, but it was revealed that it was actually in the human brain.
In other words, Joshua Brown of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, explained that this sixth sense exists in the brain known as the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), which handles certain situations, which raises the alarm about danger. ACC is located near the upper part of the frontal lobe of the brain and is a part that exists along the wall separating the left and right hemispheres and is closely related to serious mental diseases such as schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. (From Science magazine, February 18, 2005, Washington Coalition)
Therefore, as a cultural being, humans can affirm the society of the mother-in-law, where the ultimate goal of life is set as the ‘Hae Hok Bok Bon’. Therefore, the problem of capitalism based on the paternal distribution style has been clearly identified, and it can be seen that a political economic system that balances the paternal and maternal distribution styles as universal values should be established to break the vicious cycle of endless conflicts caused by the nature of the global community.
2.3 Human life as a spiritual being
We can affirm that humans are spiritual beings who are moved by the wonders of life and live by recreating their lives with infinite imagination and inquiry to solve questions. In other words, we can affirm that we are descendants of God in that we want to live forever as all living things are independent and individual, and we hate to give in, but humans obey the culture (values) they have created themselves, target nature, including animals and plants as subjects, or have the ability to recreate them using abundant imagination and tools.
In other words, it implies that Margot, the godmother believed in the matriarch’s society, was a descendant of the inner world of man, because he was a cultural being who obeyed his own traditions without giving in. We can also affirm that humans are spiritual if we consider them to be creative, happy with sharing, or have a religious mind.
For example, it can be understood from the fact that the only human being with a culture has the spirit of a killer who gave up his life for altruistic reasons, such as where he belongs, for the development of human history, and sometimes for his family. Therefore, it can be understood that humans instinctively hate being dominated by each other for no reason, but they obey themselves when there are legitimate reasons why social cooperation is necessary.
Of course, if a totalitarian society forces its members for selfish purposes, it may be unreasonable to say that it has obeyed itself, but it is because it is necessary to adapt to the identity, which is the legitimacy of community existence, or the cultural climate of long-standing traditions to live a happy life.
Capitalist society, for example, can understand from the fact that monetarism, which established the equation that money is personality, is rational, and if there are individuals who refuse it, they have to live in isolation, like Robinson Crusoe on a lonely desert island.
In other words, after the establishment of a modern society after the expulsion of an absolute feudal society, the monetarism formed by the solidification of capitalism has become a universal value that humans must protect. However, neoliberalism has made it clear that capitalism, which was created from the unique historical background of the West, cannot be used to realize an active welfare society as an ideal of human beings longed for since birth.
And the Industrial Revolution created the capitalist production style, and the resulting lifestyle changes established modern society. It is a positive aspect of capitalism that has since made breakthrough in science and technology, but the cultivation of greed has created weapons of mass destruction, and the overwhelming majority of the poor in the world have suffered from polarization, environmental pollution, global warming, and ecosystem destruction.
In addition, state capitalism (welfare state), which was established to resolve the contradictions of early capitalism, has enlarged the bureaucracy, and parliamentary politics is in crisis due to strengthening centralization, or absolute polarization, so the absolute majority of people are still living a hard life.
In other words, it is argued that liberalism will lead a happy life with the abundance of matter, but capitalism, which justified human greed, overlooks the fact that many people will be impoverished if they pump or monopolize a certain amount of spring water that many people eat, just as the spring water is depleted and many people are in trouble.
This can be understood from the fact that a dangerous society was created as the result of capitalism dominated consciousness. Therefore, it can be seen that a new system should be established to live a ‘life of existence’ as well as a ‘life of relationship’ as a civilization living in the global era knows that peace can’t satisfy infinite material desires with limited resources.
2.4 The life demanded by the global era
A capitalist society has become a society that prefers irresponsible money to power that presupposes responsibility because impersonal money has real power to create power without bearing social responsibility. This is not subject to power or personality formed by ordinary doctors, but it is possible to understand the characteristics of a capitalist society in two world wars caused by imperialism caused by conflicts of interest and frequent panic that come on a regular basis.
In addition, unlike the prediction that capitalists will develop into a middle-class-oriented, diyamond-type social structure, capitalism is undemocratic even in the fact that absolute polarization has solidified and has rapidly transformed into a minutiae like an absolute feudal society.
In other words, capitalism, which fosters greed by justifying infinite accumulation, cannot fundamentally create a dyamond-type society. This can be seen in the fact that capitalism, which stimulates a strong primitive instinct that has no room for anything else to blend, has formed a dangerous society with the absolute polarization of today’s undemocratic 1:99.
In other words, capitalism has become a frivolous society in which money acts as an adult as a system for a ‘life of possession’. As a result, we can see that the dangerous capitalism that destroys the greatness of human beings that has advanced for tens of thousands of years should end, and an active welfare society based on a maternal distribution style should be established as a universal value for mankind.
Because considering that humans have achieved advanced science and technology and are the only ones who can interpret the universe, ‘life of relationships’ is suitable to explore the inner world with gentle growth.
Of course, medieval Europe was at the level of a small regional economy, but with the development of navigation, trade and colonial development expanded, and new technological inventions developed into a supplier-oriented economy, requiring mass production, which limited Adam Smith capitalism to small business owners.
But with the new hope of becoming a wage worker and the possibility of becoming a capitalist, Adam Smith’s small capitalism lost its meaning and became a large corporation of large corporations as he was all-in on making money to escape from the status system.
This can be understood to be different from Adam Smith’s meaning of cow capitalism in that the urban concentration of the population due to industrialization was less expensive than slaves due to the excess supply of labor. In other words, the crude textile machine at the time required the labor of women and teenagers and had to live as a consumable supply to assist the machine.
Of course, the fact that women were taken for granted as low-wage workers at the level of slaves can be seen as the influence of the Western culture of women’s alienation for a long time. For example, the fact that there was a right of extra-night from the dark ages of the Middle Ages to the 17th and 18th centuries can be understood from the fact that there was extreme 10-1 discrimination between men and women. In other words, the West, an absoluteist society dominated by the monotheistic father, has long neglected motherhood as a means of giving birth to humans, a creature of absolute existence.
Therefore, if capitalism, formed in an absolutist society that devalues matriarchal values, uses capitalist distribution as a universal value to stop a dangerous society caused by making money or justifying infinite accumulation.
In other words, as capitalism has increased the size of the economy, humans can live as ‘economic animals’ as the economy becomes an end rather than a means of life, but as a spiritual being, it is desirable to live a ‘life of relationships’ based on the ‘life of existence’ that is possible for humans.
Of course, it is necessary to advance to a maternal democracy distribution style in which the centripetal force of motherhood and the centrifugal force of fatherhood are balanced in accordance with democracy based on philosophical relativism. This is because the issue of women who are half-human in the world is a problem of humanity without prescription, and the establishment of a system that embodies the maternal distribution style can be seen as a meaning of compensation.
3. A life of co-prosperity
3.1 Tension-inducing ‘Life of the Opposite’
In a capitalist society, it is often difficult to hold capitalism accountable as it motivates human selfishness, even though it has become a dangerous society due to polarization, degradation of humanity, and environmental pollution as a result of competing to achieve the ultimate goal of free enterprises of infinite capital accumulation or maximum profit.
This is because capitalism, created by an absolutist climate, takes precedence over the ‘life of possession’. For example, in an early capitalist society, capitalists treated workers like production tools or consumables, or harshly exploited them to accumulate capital, but it can be understood from the fact that it was legal.
In other words, capitalism was a system that justified barbarism under the guise of law. However, as many free enterprises went bankrupt due to periodic panic and the market function was paralyzed, it was possible to change capitalism after learning that interventionism was advantageous for free enterprises.
Of course, if you compete with companies that are limited to individual companies or small corporations, as Adamsmith argued, there will be no need for government intervention. In other words, the emergence of large corporations that ignored Adamsmith’s warnings had to accept government intervention to overcome the panic that periodically paralyzed market function. Therefore, it can be understood that the emergence of large corporations has a burden on the people, and at the same time, the entry of transnational multinational corporations into the market has an adverse impact on world peace.
For example, the fact that if capitalism develops, such as neoliberalism, international division of labor forms faster and a problem arises due to protectionism in one region, tension is created as there is a significant impact on the whole. This can be understood even when the military industry has developed as a means of exercising power, such as the development of personalization due to conflicts of interest and threats by creditors to collect bonds.
It also became a dangerous society as it became a highly unemployed society due to the decline of SMEs due to infinite competition among transnational giants based on science and technology. Therefore, it can be seen that in a capitalist society that justifies greed, free enterprises are only interested in political and economic collusion and are indifferent to politics and world peace.
In other words, a capitalist society is a society without adults, which is irresponsible to society like a child, and it is difficult to achieve social integration as political power for the public interest weakens. This is because capitalism is rooted in commercialism, which is interpreted as convenient for profit, considering that it has rendered politics powerless and is being settled as a political decision in times of crisis. Of course, it has already been proven that capitalism’s automatic coordination function is unrealistic.
Therefore, it can be seen that early capitalism, which has commercial attributes as its essence, is inconsistent with the newcomers who have come to recognize that neoliberalism, which repeats the justification of exploitation, such as low wages or usages, is a spiritual being in the name of free contracts for Koreans living in the same culture.
The irresponsible infantile attitude of early capitalism was also appropriate in Europe’s small economy at the time, but capitalism was inappropriate on an astronomical scale in the global era. As a result, it is clear that a new distribution method suitable for newcomers should be globalized as the ‘ownership upper and lower limits’ for automatic market coordination is feasible in the information age.
3.2 The universalization of ‘the upper and lower limits of possession’
The solidification of democracy and the era of high-tech science and technology can confirm the fact that human beings believed themselves to be descendants of the godmother. In other words, it means that human beings are spiritual beings with infinite imagination and creativity as subjects of Samra-man. Therefore, capitalism can be expected to be expelled by the new generation if it interferes with the realization of an active welfare society, which is the ideal of mankind.
This is because in Europe, the absolute feudal system established by Christian values that believe in absolute God would exist forever, but the Renaissance, which was formed when uncertainty was prevalent due to the cultural exchange between East and West, the globalization of Genghis Khan, created commercialism, followed by the civil revolution after capitalism was born, and then modern society was established through the civil revolution.
In other words, capitalism, which has been expelled from the old era, can realize a passive welfare state, but a new system for maternal distribution should be established in order to realize the active welfare society required by the global village era. Of course, as the infrastructure was established by the knowledge and information industry, which is the third industrial revolution, mankind has been able to advance as an active welfare society based on the maternal distribution style.
In addition, a modern society based on natural law ideology was established due to the civil revolution caused by capitalism in the midst of the value confusion formed by Europe’s era of uncertainty, and after the establishment of a welfare state in the early 20th century, today’s humanity has become excellent and is historically developing into a living politics that can realize an active welfare society, which can be called the expansion of natural law ideology.
In early capitalism, colonial rule or the poor in Korea were enslaved under a joint guarantee system to secure indefinite bonds under the influence of absolutism, just as the old serfs, for example, wanted to enslave debts that could not be repaid for generations to generations. And it can be understood from the fact that it is developing into a post-capitalist trend, such as limiting the inheritance of debts to direct descendants, limiting the amount or period of guarantees, or abolishing the joint guarantee system, mainly in developed countries, since the establishment of modified capitalism until recently.
In other words, just as the association system for colonial rule or slavery was expelled because it contradicted individualism, the joint guarantee system, which can be called excessive expansion of the rights of creditors contrary to the basic human right to live, is being withdrawn. In other words, it means that creditors are responsible for taking risks as much as they want and lend profits.
In other words, the joint guarantee system, along with the association system, was an old tradition created with the intention of enslaving humans, and the association system was recently removed, knowing that it was wrong for modern society, which was established to realize human dignity, to be maintained even after 200 years. Despite this being a contract established for the private interest of individuals in a capitalist society, transferring unlimited liability to joint guarantors as a means of preserving bonds is contrary to the modern spirit as it is the same as the association system of totalitarianism.
Of course, in developed countries, if a debtor is unemployed or unable to pay off a debt due to an accident, disaster, etc., it is canceled or extinguished, and individual competencies and knowledge made up of social cooperation are considered social assets. This can be understood from the fact that there is a system in place that allows people to engage in social activities again, repay debts over several years when they have some income through employment, or prioritizes scholarships for the socially underprivileged or allows them to pay off their debts by getting a job.
In other words, it is developing into a win-win society that enhances individual moral responsibility rather than a part of the function of a welfare state that presupposes full employment. Therefore, it can be seen that in the era of the global village, an environment has been created in which a system based on maternal values in which democracy based on the spirit of tolerance can be solidified in order for mankind to live a win-win life.
Therefore, it can be seen that a bond-first society is highly likely to be abused inhumanely by humans living a short life, so a ‘ownership limit’ based on maternal values to realize the right to pursue happiness as a basic human right should be established.
3.3 Cultivating the good side of man
It can be said that the life of creating a political and economic system for a win-win life to foster humans with more good sides as sexist people is a human life that has fulfilled its human duties. However, as capitalism encourages excessive competition, humans are misunderstood as evil due to the increased complexity caused and the explosive increase in legal enactment to resolve conflicts caused by endless conflicts of rights. This can be understood from the fact that capitalism tends to think of the virtue of concession as an excuse for the weak.
In this way, it can be seen that capitalism is a system in which whole-person education is reduced to the periphery and only knowledge education such as skill training or money-making is interested. In other words, the humanities were degraded by cashism, and emotions were transformed into dry cynical human beings along with the devastation of humanity caused by the imbalance of education.
For example, the humanities, which gave young people meaning in life as excessive competition indistinguishable from education and science, have declined, and it can be understood in the reality of being transformed into an aggressive personality triggered by a tendency to fear the world vaguely.
In other words, the sense of hostility between humans has deepened due to the urgency of survival of the fittest that neoliberalism experienced as a principle of infinite competition. For example, the life of the conflict created by capitalism was polarized, and the increase in social costs and welfare demand due to various crimes can be understood from the fact that resentment or hostility were formed between members as they became a high-cost, low-efficiency society by increasing the financial burden.
Therefore, some people may achieve great wealth, but considering the enormous loss of society as a whole due to excessive competition, resource depletion, and environmental pollution, we can see that despite the astronomical damage, we should be wary of being mistaken for historical development, as if we had achieved something. Because history development is what allows humans to live a ‘life of co-prosperity’ that guarantees at least the material basis by respecting each other’s human rights with a sense of solidarity based on morality as colleagues.
Greed, therefore, accuses people around him of being in trouble with the adage that a person with 99 sheep strives to fill one sheep, but capitalism, which justifies greed, is causing human nature degradation and global warming. In other words, if you insist on capitalism, you will be ‘loving’ to the small and losing the big.
Therefore, in the global village era, with the maternal democracy’s ‘ownership upper and lower limits’ globalized for a ‘win-win life’, it can be seen that the market can become automatic only when free competition is made. Of course, as humans are wise beings who make systems to build public good on their own as cultural beings, it is expected that the ‘ownership upper and lower limits’ of the mother democracy will become common.
4. A sustainable life
4.1 The capitalism to create a dangerous society
With the emergence of neoliberalism due to the decline of social democracy (socialism) along with the fall of the Communist Party, which sought to achieve a balance against capitalism that supported strong desires, transnational giants in developed countries became able to negotiate in the capitalist framework. This is a cause of difficulties in social integration as the situation in underdeveloped countries becomes unchecked.
In other words, as the Cold War system collapsed due to the withdrawal of the Communist Party and neoliberalism became solidified, the protectionism of state capitalism (administrative state) that allowed interventionism lost its meaning. For example, it can be understood from the fact that non-clinical laissez-faire forced colonies or underdeveloped countries to have free trade as a principle.
In other words, developed countries no longer need political consideration in trading with weaker countries due to the withdrawal of the Cold War system. In other words, it is impossible to defend developing countries due to high tariffs to protect their own industries, unions that suppress market opening, and the phenomenon of hollowing out.
In other words, it is difficult for underdeveloped countries to keep the principles of neoliberalism centered on developed countries, such as trying to faithfully fulfill capitalist (free business) attributes such as anarchic non-interventionism, global division of labor, free trade, infinite competition, and welfare reduction. This is because the principle of neoliberalism, which means the exit of national capitalism protectionism, is advantageous for transnational giants in developed countries. This makes neoliberalism difficult for middle and underdeveloped countries.
On the other hand, neoliberalism, despite its competitive edge with the development of cutting-edge science and technology, has recently been discovered to be an advanced country-centered ideology designed to overcome the polarization phenomenon of mass production of the poor, whether developed countries themselves or underdeveloped countries.
This can be seen from the fact that today’s global economy, centered on the United States, has not been out of the recession for a long time. Thus, neoliberalism has no real benefit to mankind by allowing free enterprises to invest their capital in a safe place for maximum profit.
Therefore, as can be seen from the imperialism created by capitalism, regardless of the tradition or lifestyle of each region, local people who have to adapt and survive for a long time are in trouble if they only take economic benefits, cause environmental pollution and leave, as if they were falling from the sky.
For instance, despite the fact that the people were exploited by early capitalist capitalists, and being remembered as a bad nation as a result of being dispatched to conflicts caused by harsh exploitation or exploitation in the colony, it can be understood from the fact that they were responsible for welfare, let alone compensation. Of course, the destruction of the colonial region’s identity and environment have remained scarred for a long time and are afflicting the local people.
Therefore, the majority of people in developed countries suffered considerably in the early capitalism, and they were disgraced and historically responsible for being a nation with advanced exploitation and exploitation technologies, and as they suffered from polarization, they distrusted ‘for whom do they ring the bell?’ and can understand that socialism emerged.
And even though Europe left a great legacy of the establishment of a modern society, as a dangerous society, such as deepening polarization, degradation of humanity, loss of bonds, environmental pollution, and resource depletion, as the developed countries were prosperous, people in the West were seen wearing colored glasses. In other words, the advanced capitalist state is blamed for becoming a dangerous society by sticking to the nature of capitalism.
The colonial region, in particular, has not forgotten the pain of the time and is anti-Western. This can be attributed to the fact that humanity living in capitalism is facing a situation that humanity cannot handle as time goes by, and the situation in the colonized region deteriorates.
In addition, despite the revision of capitalism, if the deepening polarization led to an explosive increase in welfare demand and eventually a situation where welfare had to be abandoned, neoliberalism emerged to be faithful to the nature of capitalism, even though a system based on a new distribution style had to be established. In other words, as large capital is formed, the situation in which the people have lost autonomy due to the acceleration of polarization and the national debt is to be solved by expanding the global market.
For example, it can be understood from the fact that the UK reduced taxes in the 1980s by lowering tax rates like capitalism in the early 1980s, while public spending expanded, knowing that government investment could not stimulate the economy due to increased government debt.
According to statistics, “If you look at the government’s fiscal deficit, the OECD’s total public debt (debt that does not take into account the government’s assets) was only 35% of the GNP in 1974, but rose to 42% in 1980 and 71% in 1994. Belgium and Italy, in particular, reached 275% and 120%, respectively, as of 1995.” (112) (Go cholgi, 41p)
This can be seen as a result of attempting to stimulate the economy with financial policies, rather, inflation-induced governments raised capital at high interest rates in the international financial market, and national policies were often determined by investors of transnational giants.
For example, Korea’s so-called IMF default in 1997 was borne by the people, and it can be understood from the fact that international capital dominated management rights by the influx of international speculative funds and the sale of public property or large corporations at bargain prices. This nature of capitalism is sometimes compared with hyenas, which are predators of dead and decaying meat.
As capitalism becomes more global, social integration becomes more difficult as the government becomes powerless as it only takes profits by international speculative capital or influences policies through management interference.
This is due to the fact that in order to survive capitalism, it must adapt to monetaryism, and even if moral criticism is committed in the process of accumulating wealth, it is often justified by the rule of law that there is no problem if it is legal. Therefore, it can be understood that as capitalism becomes more solid, natural law ideology drifts and becomes nominal, leading to loss of humanity.
This is due to the fact that the more capitalism develops, the more traditional ties in the community are cut off. And sports and collective entertainment are becoming a means of social integration as even democratic authority is ignored due to anti-democracy that cannot coordinate the evils of the polarization of capitalism.
In other words, democratic politics has limitations as a procedural definition of capitalism, despite the fact that it is fixed as a high-cost, low-efficiency structure caused by high unemployment rates caused by corporate profit reduction due to infinite competition due to global division of labor pursued by neoliberalism or the merger of small and medium-sized enterprises in each country with large companies.
For example, it can be understood from the fact that democratic politics has faced a crisis since each region has to competitively attract multinational companies to cover the explosive increase in social costs, such as welfare costs, as small and medium-sized enterprises are absorbed into large companies or become a high-employment society due to the decline in companies due to exit.
Furthermore, the rapid movement of capital due to free trade was urgent to defend the exchange rate, and the high unemployment rate accelerated the population’s urban concentration, which, along with the unbalanced development between urban and rural areas, solidified and divided the imbalance between the central and local governments.
As neoliberalism rejected government intervention in principle for free and unlimited competition between companies in various countries, underdeveloped countries that tried to overcome poverty through interventionism faced difficulties, and middle-income countries became sandwiches.
4.2 The crisis of democracy
In today’s global era, large corporations’ overseas investment to realize international division of labor and profits of scale is making considerable progress, while small and medium-sized enterprises based on the domestic market are collapsing. In other words, as the proverb goes, “Small and medium-sized enterprises that are not competitive are collapsing, as if shrimp burst into a whale fight due to a transnational market battle.“
In other words, a dangerous society is rapidly progressing as a state of high unemployment is fixed as a result of the market function being distorted by the domination of large capital, and polarization is formed at the same time as the economic downturn. Naturally, neoliberalism, which seeks to overcome the crisis by applying strict standards to developing countries and reducing aid to underdeveloped countries, is the cause as developed countries are able to shift to a situation where they pursue practical benefits after exiting the Cold War era.
In other words, with the end of the Cold War, communism, which had been balanced with capitalism, was expelled, and protectionism (interventionism) caused by the Cold War system became meaningless as the solidified neoliberalism sought to solve economic problems through international division of labor.
This indicates that countries have no choice but to accept neoliberalism for the time being, despite the solidification of interdependence due to the expansion of the market for large companies, procurement of raw materials, securing excellent labor, or expanding the location of factory facilities to reduce production costs.
For example, it is understandable how desperate even the United States, which played a central role in international politics, is to solidify neoliberalism by giving up its leadership as a global police force, from the fact that it also demands economic equality from capitalist neighboring countries according to reciprocity principles.
In other words, if politics, a higher-level system, is viewed as an end, the economy is the end and politics has become the means, even though the economy, a lower-level system, is meaningful as a means for political purposes. This can be seen as the cause of the crisis in democratic politics or the creation of a dangerous society as capitalism induces value transfer.
Just as communism, which had transformed politics into a means for economic purposes, was expelled, it can be expected that capitalism would soon be expelled as well. Of course, politics and economy are not inseparable properties as they can be said to be the same as both sides of the coin, but it would be desirable for democratic politics to be solidified as it is the only means and purpose of realizing human ideals.
Therefore, it can be seen that a new system that can restrict ownership to some extent by social consensus must be established in order to solidify democracy, which is the ideal of mankind. In other words, it refers to economic democratization becoming the universal value of mankind as a democratic distribution style in which welfareism is embedded. Of course, a ‘mother democracy’ political and economic system that interprets and balances politics and economy based on human philanthropy would be appropriate, along with the fact that humans are cultural beings that cannot live on bread alone.
This is because while humans as individuals are finite, humans as a whole are infinitely historically developing for a happy life, to live like humans, the distribution of the mother democracy, which values human solidarity, is more reasonable than the capitalist distribution that undermines human solidarity for newcomers living in the global era.
In other words, capitalism, which combines the liberal distribution style that allows infinite accumulation and welfareism, is inconsistent with the solidification of democracy required in the global era. In other words, the role of capitalism in pursuing a ‘life of possession’ is to end with the beginning of the global village era and complete democracy with economic democratization for the next stage, the ‘life of relationship’.
Of course, since the era of capitalism, postmodernism has emerged from indescribably disastrous historical experiences, including frequent conflicts and imperialism, two world wars in a short period of time, unprecedented astronomical property damage, and casualties. Therefore, it can be seen that a parent-democratic society based on the maternal distribution style should be established when we cynically view democratic politics that have been neutralized by monetarism, ignore democratic authority, and even political uselessness.
4.3 An unfortunate life driven by infinite competition
Today, with the development of information and communication and means of transportation, free travel has become like a domestic one, but in reality, polarization between countries is solidifying as only economically beneficial experts or scientists can move to advanced countries. In addition, as the neoliberal principle was recommended to each country, numerous small and medium-sized enterprises that lost their competitiveness due to the reduction of government support for companies led to bankruptcy and became a highly unemployed society.
In addition, it became like a society without adults as certain bureaucrats or some people frequently ignored the democratic authority of the political leader in charge of state affairs, and it became a cynical society that denied democratic authority through authoritarianism, let alone social integration, as democratic politics became powerless due to the neoliberal influence that led to the transition to an “economic animal.“
For example, in the past, when it was a small and medium-sized economy, environmental problems could be solved domestically, but in today’s global era, despite the fact that it takes a long time and enormous cost to restore ecosystem destruction caused by resource depletion, warming, acid rain, nuclear pollution, and environmental pollution, democratic politics in a capitalist system can be understood as powerless.
Companies in underdeveloped countries lost their competitiveness due to the highest quality, maximum productivity, and low price compared to the quality of advanced automation facilities to survive the infinite neoliberal competition. In addition, it was not possible to solve the high unemployment caused by the decline of SMEs in an urgent situation that required the exclusion of interference and reduction of the tax burden at the same level as anarchy. As a result, they came to distrust politics that could not solve undemocratic polarization.
And as advanced countries establish neoliberalism, advanced countries that accumulate huge capital and experience along with advanced science and technology and establish liberal rule of law in the same culture are advantageous, but latecomers with traditional culture and anti-liberal survival tend to stick to protectionism as they are disadvantageous.
The problem is that the imperialism formed by the initial supply economy of capitalism, which was small, caused the majority to live a harsh life, is becoming an unstable society due to various terrorism caused by global polarization caused by the large supply economy of neoliberalism.
Furthermore, it can be seen that today’s astronomical transaction scale accelerates polarization, and that environmental pollution caused by overconsumption, global warming, weapons systems to be processed, high unemployment, and instability in nuclear power generation are creating a dangerous society.
Therefore, in today’s global village era, we can see that a system that values the life of existence as post-exclusionism is urgently needed to globalize in order to prevent conflicts caused by differences in the identity and culture of each region that dominate consciousness.
Therefore, it can be seen that the mother democracy’s ‘ownership upper and lower limits’, which concessions to each other one step by one in respect of the different identity of each region that has continued to this day and the customs of the same culture are emotionally and general intentionally, are suitable for the global village era.
This is because capitalism, which values ‘ownership life’, must overcome a dangerous society where terrorism due to polarization has become easier and advanced personal weapons. In other words, history should be developed so that we can live a ‘life of relationship’ as an active welfare society that is the ideal of mankind.
Of course, it will not be easy to develop history into a maternal distribution beyond capitalism that maximizes human selfishness. However, it will not be difficult for newcomers to open a new era with the Fourth Industrial Revolution because there are already countless negative views on capitalism and it is organized.
And it can be well understood in Ko Cheol-ki’s writings that the more capitalism develops, the weaker human sociality becomes, and legitimate democratic authority is ignored. In other words, “As the influence of neoconservative capitalism spreads, a unique phenomenon is emerging in the 1990s. In most developed countries, there has begun a boom to lead even national management at the level of corporate management. While the government is gradually ignoring the level of public interest in the management of government organizations and government-affiliated organizations, it is moving toward emphasizing profitability.
In addition, some countries are even sending public officials to large corporations to learn private management methods. In this climate, it is highly likely that businessmen’s profit-maximization mindset will permeate the philosophy of national decision-making, where public interest-first sentiment should be dominated, and that the policy-making contents of public officials and politicians will be advantageous to large corporations.
To put it to the extreme, the spread of neo-conservative capitalism has pushed the targets of exploitation by large businesses and capitalists to the level of consumers and workers, reaching the consciousness of public servants, now the last bastion of the public interest, and subjecting the entire nation to exploitation.” (113) (Ko Cheol-ki, 58-59p)
As a result, it is possible to comprehend the inherent characteristics of neoliberalism today. Of course, the nature of capitalism can be understood from the fact that it was created as a result of long periods of oppression by state power. For instance, it can be understood from the fact that the impoverished class dreamed of liberalism in order to liberate from the suppression of power, such as exploiting the weaker countries and incapacitating them in the case of ancient social powers, or offsetting the welfare and war costs of the bereaved families by looting women, confiscating property, and securing slave labor.
Of course, after the establishment of the modern society, totalitarian fascism and Nazism emerged despite being a capitalist society. Therefore, it can be seen that Western culture causes neoliberalism to reject interventionism in the name of welfare, evict protectionism that hinders free trade, and seek to obtain maximum profits through global division of labor.
4.4 A human being who cannot be an economic animal
The financial power of a capitalist society separated from the old political power was irresponsible and had infinite power, and neoliberalism emerged as a result of fierce competition to accumulate capital to acquire it. Of course, there is a view of neoliberalism as hegemonism as it forms a global polarization of 1:99.
And they are concerned that neoliberalism is forcing them to live as just a smart ‘economic animal’ without a soul that lives as a part of an interest group, like a cold robot with no inner world. In other words, unlike early laissez-faire, transnational giants have been created today, and countless specialized groups compete with increasing complexity, which has led to a structure in which they have to live as individuals in an organization.
In other words, individuals living in a highly unemployed society created by de-welfare neoliberalism have become more competitive to belong to interest groups for their own welfare. For example, the fact that the United States, which declared a neoliberal world, promotes bilateral agreements rather than multilateral negotiations, and that policies are increasingly determined by large business groups.
Of course, the West is different from the United States, which was faithful to capitalism and pursued practicality, while it was in considerable pain due to traditional values or socialism that rejected capitalism. In other words, the United States, which established capitalism as a belief, was a country that fostered capitalists through pioneering spirit and pragmatism while protecting national prestige and taking various interests in Europe.
As a result, it can be seen that the United States was an unprecedented superpower and a country where capitalists could develop neoliberalism that moves the world. However, in the second half of 2008, the financial crisis put the world in trouble, along with the 911 terrorist attack that showed capitalism as an evil, and as it has not recovered to this day, it began to distrust neoliberalism originating in the United States.
In other words, the global era found that capitalist distribution quickly accelerated absolute polarization and created a dangerous society. Therefore, in order to live as a global citizen in the global era, a mutually reliable ‘ownership limit system’ based on a new maternal distribution method to respect each country’s unique culture must be globalized.
This is because if neoliberalism centered on advanced countries solidifies the world with absolute polarization and leaves most of humanity in poverty, humanity could face catastrophe due to terrorism, a simultaneous and local resistance greater than the full-scale war of the imperial era. This is because capitalism, which was established in combination with democracy to realize human liberation through material abundance, is obsessed with a “life of possession,” stopping the historical development of realizing an active welfare society, which is the ideal of humanity.
In other words, as a new maternal distribution style, the maternal democracy that achieves economic democratization should be globalized. Of course, capitalism is contrary to the modern spirit (modernism) in that it leads democracy to a crisis and overshadows natural law by inducing polarization. In particular, it can be seen that capitalism is a system that undermines human dignity in that it is accelerating human commercialization.
In any case, it can be understood that capitalism has an extreme nature in that it developed along with Darwin’s theory of evolution, Lamarck’s theory of insolvency, and the theory of survival of the fittest and even created imperialism to lead a harsh life for mankind. This is because humans are assumed to be greedy beings in order to rationalize harsh exploitation. In other words, people are thought of as intelligent animals.
In other words, despite the fact that it is a cultural being that reinvents life by itself and has the creative power of spiritual inspection devices that only exists in humans, it is difficult to turn a blind eye. This is probably because, of course, as a spiritual being, humans are governed by nature, which is both a subject and an object.
As an intermediate being, neither animals nor gods, humans must be consistent with the limited providence of nature, and considering that they have creativity as spiritual beings, it can be seen that the maternal distribution style is appropriate for the happy life of humans who have been nurtured as spiritual beings.
Of course, it can be expected that capitalism, which does not limit greed, will cease to exist when a new distribution culture demanded by the global era is formed. Therefore, it would be better to establish an active welfare society based on the mother democracy system as post-capitalism rather than neoliberalism, where capitalism has taken a step further.
In other words, capitalism, which makes humans just a smart economic animal, served its role with the beginning of the global era. In other words, capitalism, which commercialized humans and allowed them to taste the bitterness of life with imperialism created by monetization, has fulfilled their duties by opening the global era.
Therefore, if we believe that humans who created today’s high-tech science and technology era are descendants of the godmother, we can be sure that it is the duty of humans to establish a system that cultivates the good side of humans rather than a system that undermines solidarity. Therefore, it can be seen that it is appropriate for newcomers living in the global era to live a ‘life of relationship’ in a ‘mother democracy’ distribution style that balances the ‘life of existence’ as a spiritual being and the ‘life of possession’ as a person.